HINDUNILVR.NS

Of every 100 units of revenue, this much survives as profit.

Margins this wide usually mean real pricing power or a moat.

Profit from operations, before interest and tax, per 100 of revenue.

The operations themselves are comfortably profitable.

What is left of revenue after only the direct cost of the product.

Little marginal cost per sale, which is what lets software and pharma fund heavy R&D.

Borrowings measured against shareholder capital.

Comfortably financed.

Change in revenue against the same period last year.

A healthy expansion rate.

Change in earnings against the same period last year.

Slow profit growth.

The share of earnings paid out as dividends.

The dividend exceeds profit, so it is being funded from cash or debt — rarely sustainable.

Return earned per unit of risk taken.

The risk taken has not been rewarded over this period.

The share of trading days that closed higher.

More down days than up, even if the total return is positive.

You pay 42.93 for every 1 unit of annual earnings.

Above 40 the price assumes growth that then has to actually arrive.

Price against next year's *forecast* earnings.

Even next year's expected earnings do not bring the multiple down much.

P/E divided by the growth rate — it asks whether the price is justified by the growth.

Above 2 you pay more per unit of growth than the convention treats as reasonable.

Price against the accounting value of the company's net assets.

Normal for asset-light businesses, where the value sits in brands and software the balance sheet never records.

Price against revenue — usable when a company has no profit yet.

The price assumes today's revenue will convert into much more profit later.

Whole-company value, debt included, against cash earnings.

Expensive even before interest, tax and depreciation are considered.

Annual dividend as a percentage of the share price.

A substantial part of the total return arrives as income.

A 0–100 momentum gauge over the last 14 sessions.

The middle band, where most trading days sit.

How far the price typically swings over a year.

A typical range for an individual share.

How much the price moves relative to the wider market.

Tends to move less than the index, in both directions.

The worst peak-to-trough fall in the period measured.

A serious decline, though not unusual over a multi-year window.

How far the mean analyst target sits above today's price.

A wide gap, which as often means the price has fallen as that the target is right.