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Of every 100 units of revenue, this much survives as profit.

A comfortable buffer between revenue and costs.

Profit from operations, before interest and tax, per 100 of revenue.

The operations themselves are comfortably profitable.

What is left of revenue after only the direct cost of the product.

A conventional manufacturing or mixed-model range.

Profit generated per unit of shareholder capital.

Above 15% is generally considered a good business.

Profit generated per unit of everything the company owns.

Common in asset-heavy industries such as utilities, telecoms and airlines.

Borrowings measured against shareholder capital.

Debt magnifies both good years and bad, and raises the stakes when rates rise.

Short-term assets against short-term obligations.

Plenty of cover, though idle cash earns little.

Short-term assets excluding inventory, against short-term debts.

Liquid assets exceed short-term obligations.

Change in revenue against the same period last year.

Growing slower than a typical economy — the business is mature or under pressure.

Change in earnings against the same period last year.

Slow profit growth.

The share of earnings paid out as dividends.

Comfortably covered, with room to keep raising it.

Return earned per unit of risk taken.

Below 1 is the common case; return did not strongly outpace the volatility.

The share of trading days that closed higher.

Close to a coin flip, which is the norm — returns come from the size of moves, not their count.

You pay 38.36 for every 1 unit of annual earnings.

Above about 25 the market is paying up for expected growth.

Price against next year's *forecast* earnings.

Even next year's expected earnings do not bring the multiple down much.

P/E divided by the growth rate — it asks whether the price is justified by the growth.

Between 1 and 2 price and growth are roughly in step.

Price against the accounting value of the company's net assets.

Normal for asset-light businesses, where the value sits in brands and software the balance sheet never records.

Price against revenue — usable when a company has no profit yet.

A common range for a profitable, growing business.

Whole-company value, debt included, against cash earnings.

Expensive even before interest, tax and depreciation are considered.

Annual dividend as a percentage of the share price.

A small income component.

A 0–100 momentum gauge over the last 14 sessions.

The middle band, where most trading days sit.

How far the price typically swings over a year.

A typical range for an individual share.

How much the price moves relative to the wider market.

Moves roughly in step with the index.

The worst peak-to-trough fall in the period measured.

A serious decline, though not unusual over a multi-year window.

How far the mean analyst target sits above today's price.

Little headroom to the consensus target.